Middle C (the fourth C key from left on a standard 88-key piano keyboard) is designated C 4 in scientific pitch notation, and c′ in Helmholtz pitch notation it is note number 60 in MIDI notation. A movement to restore the older A435 standard has used the banners "Verdi tuning", "philosophical pitch" or the easily confused scientific pitch. After the A440 pitch standard was adopted by musicians, the Acoustical Society of America published new frequency tables for scientific use. Scientific pitch was originally proposed in 1713 by French physicist Joseph Sauveur and based on the numerically convenient frequency of 256 Hz for middle C, all C's being powers of two. For an instrument in equal temperament tuned to the A440 pitch standard widely adopted in 1939, middle C has a frequency around 261.63 Hz (for other notes see piano key frequencies).
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